Homeostatic theories view consciousness as arising from the brain’s regulation of internal bodily states to maintain stability (homeostasis). Affective theories hold that consciousness is fundamentally grounded in feelings or emotions, emphasizing the role of affect in subjective experience. Homeostatic and Affective Theories stress predictive, homeostatic, free-energy (active inference), equilibrium, and emotion-related theories, and have become increasingly recognized as important theories of consciousness.